Men's and women's endorsement of hegemonic masculinity and responses to COVID-19.

Using a gendered psychology of health approach, we examine the effects of the culturally idealized form of masculinity-hegemonic masculinity-for both men and women's health attitudes and behaviors. Using data collected across four studies (N = 805) during the COVID-19 pandemic, we found that stronger endorsement of hegemonic masculinity related to health attitudes antithetical to mitigation strategies (e.g. more engagement in risky behaviors, less support for federal mandates) and evaluations of how political leaders have responded to COVID-19. These effects did not differ by gender suggesting that hegemonic masculinity has implications for both men and women's health.

Outlaw Bikers and Ancient Warbands Hyper-Masculinity and Cultural Continuity Conclusion

This conclusion summerises the chapters of the book. Through a comparative approach Outlaw Bikers and Ancient Warbands: Hyper-masculinity and Cultural Continuity demonstrates a cultural continuity that is part of human society, identified since prehistory. Warband values and outlaw biker tenets of hyper-masculinity has been defined and measured. Issues of hyper-masculinity and domestic violence have been assessed while also conceptualising the creation of the sacred masculine culture that underpins the values of the outlaw biker. Neoliberalism and socioeconomic inequality have been critiqued to explain why groups such as outlaw bikers exist. This book concludes that outlaw bikers are just one group within modern society that prioritise hyper-masculinity in the formation, socialisation and enforcement of hegemonic masculinity. Outlaw biker clubs are here to stay, and as the socioeconomic gap grows, there needs to be serious consideration as to what role they will play in their communities and in the post-COVID-19 environment.

“And Then People Are Surprised That Disasters Befall Us From All Directions”: Sport Fans’ Responses to Israel’s First Transgender Soccer Referee Sapir Berman

The current study focuses on sport fans' attitudes toward the presence of the first transgender soccer referee in an elite league in Israel, and largely reflects the broader discourse on gender diversity and inclusion in general. Soccer referee Sapir Berman's announcement of her gender transition may have been exceptional, but it joins the broad debate on the role of transgender individuals in sport. Research findings indicate that fans expressed ambivalent reactions to the announcement. Although many responses reflected impressive open-mindedness and support for the referee and her decision, a wide range of opposition strategies was also identified, including disgust, ridicule, violence, and concerns of an existential threat caused by changes in the traditional gender order. The fact that the announcement was made during the COVID-19 pandemic also affected the nature and the contents of fans' responses.

Pandemic and macho organizations: Wake-up call or business as usual?

The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the greatest challenges of our generation. The global spread of the virus is affecting societies' gender dynamics in general and in organizations in particular. Based on ethnographic research being carried out in a police organization in Brazil, this piece discusses how COVID-19 is impacting hegemonic masculinity in organizations. Police organizations are prototypical hegemonic masculinity organizations. I argue that the COVID-19 pandemic at first encouraged the performance of the typical police macho masculinity, but as the disease progressed, it created a situation that challenged it. I explore that even though the pandemic threatens macho masculinity in organizations, it is still unclear if an alternative gender dynamic will emerge from this crisis in macho organizations.

Masculinism Meme Rhetorics. Digital University and Anti-Feminism on Pandemic Times

This work begins with the rise and visibility of sexist violence due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. In this context, it focuses on the study of relationships during confinement, proposing that cyber violence and anti-feminism grow in a digital university. This scenario is confronted with the current gender order, referring to the recent activism of young feminists and to the debates resulting from the discussion on masculinities, pointing to new subjectivities within a masculinist extreme. With this, an acceleration of such radicalism is theorized, looking at issues such as the "manosphere", the replication of their affects in digital interactions of university students, and the exercise of a tropology based on communication through memes, which forms particular rhetoric. Finally, memes posted by students in groups within this sphere and in the pandemic are analyzed.

Negotiating masculinities in times of crisis: On the COVID frontline in Pakistan

This study provides a detailed analysis of the ways in which male Pakistani civil servants negotiated their masculinity while working as frontline workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. We show how these men, in high-pressure work environments, invoked multiple hegemonic and non-hegemonic manifestations of masculinities as they experienced extreme stress. We contribute to the existing hegemonic masculinity literature by illuminating the ways in which different types of masculinities can be performed, embodied, and disrupted in high-stress situations. We also explore the processes by which these different types of masculinities are negotiated in a Global South context allowing us to examine how masculinity is contested in a context with particular cultural and societal norms and expectations.

The politics of kitchen work: Co-production of a retired man's "hegemonic masculinity" during the COVID-19 quarantine.

This article documents the reconstructed domestic masculinity of a retired Chinese man during the COVID-19 quarantine period in China. It is based on participant observation of the man and his family as a case study. It demonstrates how the man turns kitchen work into a "masculine" job, and uses it as a contested terrain for constructing hegemonic masculinity by adopting scientific discourse explicitly and traditional patriarchal discourse implicitly. It also highlights women's conscious and deliberate interactions with the man in contributing to the making of hegemonic masculinity for the sake of their own values of happiness. The author seeks an understanding of the intersection of aging, patriarchal norms, and women's agency through the case of the co-production of a retired man's hegemonic masculinity in the context of the COVID-19 quarantine.